The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19th century. Since much of the area surrounding the state was either too mountainous or too rocky, the people were probably forced to move much further away from the state and ultimately abandoned in search of the proverbial greener pastures. The demise of great zimbabwe left the mutapa state dominant in northern. The mutapa state was established in the 15th century following the decline of the great zimbabwe state. The portuguese also observed numerous large towns and villages, some as big as three to five kilometers in circumference, with houses spaced within a stone throw of each other. The prince was nyatsimba mutota, and the land he conquered would become the kingdom of mutapa. In this video manners msongelwa explains the external factors which led to the decline of the rozvi state. Great zimbabwe began to decline as gold production diminished and this resulted in the emergence of the mutapa empire at the start of the sixteenth century braudel, 1979. Another aspect of mutapaportuguese relations was the military cooperation between the two. To think that such a state of its magnitude would collapse was unheard of, but it eventually did. Mwene mutapa state monomotapa, munhumutapa, mutapa for short. The kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. The kingdom of mutapa sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire, mwenemutapa was a. The book is a quick study instrument and is suitable to be used by learners who are about to write their final exams.
Munangagwa gettysburg college class of 2011 follow this and additional works at. Mutapa state origins around 1425, mutota, king of the shona, embarked on conquest of the inland plateau, the region located between the zambezi river and the limpopo river, to the coast of mozambique. Pdf the archaeological identity of the mutapa state. The kingdom of mutapa sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire, mwenemutapa, shona. Another aspect of mutapa portuguese relations was the military cooperation between the two. Mutota who went in a northerly direction from great. Feb, 2016 the mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19th century. Monomotapa high civilization the kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. Matope, son of mutota completed the conquest and expansion started by his father.
The rulers of the mutapa empire were thus called mwenes. Rise and expansion of the mutapa state essays antiessays. The mwene conquering king or masterpillager was the designation given to the state which was referred to as mwene mutapa. Monomotapa kingdom existed between 14501629, it succeeded the great zimbabwe. According to shona oral tradition, mutota had been sent to. This kingdom was founded by a royal member from its successor. Finally, in 1962 the systematic publication of portuguese. They probably were not absorbed by the zulu at any time. The empire was comprised of a karanga majority speaking population. As the state was now too large, the lack of one political unit, allowed smaller tributary chiefs to be able to rebel and resist paying tribute and homage to the mutapa king. The origin and rise of the mutapa state free zimsec. This led to the decline of the state as areas such as the manyika and tete declared independence from the mutapa empire with the assistance of portuguese agents. According to oral traditions, nyatsimba mutota migrated from.
Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the title held by the dynasty of kings who ruled the territory, which was between the zambezi and limpopo rivers. The most powerful local player was the mutapa state, while the. The second section consists of a narrative history of the mutapa state, century by century, from i500 to i890. Space does not permit a detailed discussion of the authors many other findings that support the notion of markan priority. The changamire appear to have disappeared for almost 150 eld and the appeared in the 1680s below changamire dombo who was a chieftain under mutapa makombwe it is believed that the rozvi severalise originated as changamire chiefdom within the mutapa state. Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the title held by the dynasty of kings who ruled the territory, which was 2. Mar 16, 2018 in this video manners msongelwa explains the external factors which led to the decline of the rozvi state. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state. Monomotapa kingdom existed between 14501629, it succeeded the great zimbabwe kingdom. The following reasons can be given to account for the fall of the mutapa state. The economic decline of zimbabwe gettysburg college. Mutotas successor, mwenemutapa matope, extended this new kingdom into an empire which. Part of theafrican studies commons,international economics commons,public economics commons, and theregional economics commons share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Mutapa state underwent decline from the latesixteenth century.
Some of the reasons to explain the collapse of the majestic house of stone include. Portuguese sources refer to mutapa royal capitals as zimbabwe. Kingdom of mutapa great discoveries in archaeology. What factors led to the rise and fall of munhu mutapa state. The account of the sixteenth century, centred mainly on the conditions of trade in the region and on the portuguese expansion, gives a fair outline, and shows how the mutapa state remained intact to the end of the i590s. During the zulundwandwe wars of 181820 the khumalo were ejected and one of them, mzilikazi, came to dominate a mixed band of maraiders in search of more peaceful pastures. Nov 2008 the rise and ultimate expansion of the mutapa state owed in part to the decline of great zimbabwe. Monomotapa was a shona empire which was centered in the zambezi valley.
Jan 04, 2016 the mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. Nov 14, 20 portuguese sources refer to mutapa royal capitals as zimbabwe. Using the jesuits in the mutapa empire of zimbabwe academic. Mutapa dynasty could not have derived from zimbabwe originally, but the evidence from archaeology would suggest a less dramatic development than mutotas march to the north. The ndebele state by julian cobbing the ndebele state was ruled by khumalo kings who had emerged from the nduandwe. Mutapa empire 1430 to 1760 was an empire, in present day zimbabwe, extending to the mozambique coast. African experience in the new mines and cities settlement in the lower zambezi and. The ndebele state by julian cobbing the ndebele state was. What are factors that led to the downfall of mutapa state. For this, in its turn, we need to consider the great zimbabwe stone complex near. Mutapa meaning and origin of the name mutapa nameaning. The succession to the throne by weak leaders such as the mukombwes and negomo.
It stretched from zimbabwe to the mozambique coast. Around 1430, a prince from zimbabwe traveled north in search of salt among the shonatavara. The mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. The mutapa state was located on the northern part of modern day zimbabwe. Then, the northern centre declined, and the ndebele invaders. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was originally a herdsmen in the mutapa state, yet managed to drive away the portuguese, earning himself support and followers, thereby enabling him to break away from the legendary mutapa empire. This kingdom was founded in 1425, succeeding the kingdom of the great zimbabwe. Overpopulation was another factor that contributed to the decline of the great zimbabwe state. A political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20. These courts, although imprecisely located, are described as big, and of stone and clay.
Mar 16, 2011 a political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20. The founder and first mutapa king was nyatsimba mutota. Great zimbabwe began to decline as gold production diminished and this resulted in the. Pdf on jan 1, 1993, innocent pikirayi and others published the archaeological identity of the mutapa state. The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and. Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the. The kingdom of monomotapa mutapa empire wilsondiop institute. If you like to read economic activities of the mutapa state pdf pdf online good, means the same to me. The kingdom of mutapa is said to have stretched between the zambezi and limpopo rivers. The prince was nyatsimba mutota, and the land he conquered would become the.
However, mutapa faced rebellion, a development that gave skip to the rozvi state. May 04, 2012 the mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. Sep 22, 2018 monomotapa high civilization the kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. Contentssocial of mutapa stateeconomic activities of the mutapa stateaims of the portuguese in the mutapa statethe rise of mutapa state afternoon once again some more on zimbabwe. The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19 th century. The kingdom of mutapa, sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire was a shona kingdom which stretched between the zambezi and limpopo rivers of southern africa in the modern states of zimbabwe and mozambique. Apr 24, 20 the kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. The first mwene was a warrior prince named nyatsimba mutota who discovered what was soon to be mutapa when he was looking for a new source of salt. Reasons for the fall of the mutapa state free zimsec. The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and portuguese continue.
According to oral tradition chibatamatosi nyatsimba mutotas father sent nyakatondo the messenger to the area north of great zimbabwe to look for salt deposits. Economic activities of the mutapa state pdf pdf online. It has been suggested by some including the archaeologist peter garlake that religion was also significant to the rise and expansion of the mutapa state. The decline of great zimbabwe led to the rise of the mutapa state. Pdf o level study guide for zimbabwean history upto 1897. In as far as religion is an important component of ideology, this suggestion is plausible. The ndebele state by julian cobbing the ndebele state. A stamp showing a portuguese impression of the mutapa gatsi rusere. Economic activities and the state publish your masters. The ruling class of the mutapa people had similar culture and customs as those of the great zimbabwe. The most powerful local player was the mutapa state, while the mercantilismfuelled portuguese were the dominant foreign players. The mutapas control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. Mar 20, 2019 the shona thus formed a new state, the kingdom of mutapa, from around 1450 ce, although it may well have been a case of the zimbabwe ruling elite changing capital rather than a general population movement from the south.
Jun 30, 20 the mutapas control in these far away lands was probably peripheral and not regular. The great zimbabwe empire is believed to have declined due to depletion of its soil fertility. Shona oral tradition states that the mutapa state was founded by nyatsimbe. Most historians agree that the mutapa state was an offshoot of the great zimbabwe state. This book is written with the prime objective to enable o level learners to have a stomach of history. Mwene we mutapa or more commonly and modern munhumutapa. Apr 06, 2018 as the state was now too large, the lack of one political unit, allowed smaller tributary chiefs to be able to rebel and resist paying tribute and homage to the mutapa king. Mutapa is thought to be established around 1430, and was eventually taken over by the portuguese in 1760. The mwene bantu term for lord, specifically a conquering king was the title giving rise to the state being referred to as mwene mutapa. The mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. The rise and fall of zimbabwe article pdf available in the journal of african history 3. Changamire dombo, according to oral tradition, is believed to have possessed supernatural powers.
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